An evaluation of the impact of immediate compared to delayed feedback on the development of counselling skills in pharmacy students

Background: Simulation-based counselling using standardised patients (SPs) provide pharmacy students an authentic approach to training; limited data exists regarding student performance using immediate feedback approaches. Aims: To compare grades of students receiving immediate feedback verses (vs.) delayed feedback. Methods: A pre-trial assessment of student perceptions and an unblinded randomised trial comparing immediate and delayed feedback. Third year pharmacy students (n=153) counselled SPs in four clinical “experiences”; student grades were the primary outcome. Student t-test and repeated measures were used to compare grades between groups and grades over time. Results: During pre-trial surveys 50% of students preferred immediate feedback, 22% delayed, and 28% had no preference. There was no significant differences in overall student grades between groups (88.4% immediate vs. 86.6% delayed, p=0.7) or in grades over time (p=0.276). Conclusions: Although more students preferred immediate feedback, overall grades did not differ based on method of feedback

Value for money in schools: Report for the Audit Office

In January 2008, the Audit Commission appointed FGS, in association with the University of Southampton, to carry out a review in relation to Value for Money (VfM) in schools. Examining VfM in schools requires a detailed consideration of both the inputs and the outputs relating to the education system; in other words, the costs and benefits associated with schools. In this context, inputs are relatively straightforward to express: staffing typically represents around 70% of school costs, with the remainder comprising of operating and maintenance expenditure. However, defining the outputs from schools (pupil outcomes) is an altogether more complex task. The most tangible measure of pupil outcomes is the results they achieve in examinations. Even so, both in the UK and overseas, it is widely recognised that pupils’ levels of achievement are influenced by a range of factors other than the quality of schooling they receive (for example, their family background or their track record of achievement at earlier stages of their education). Put simply, pupils’ current levels of attainment are likely to be enhanced if they have a high level of prior educational attainment, and therefore schools may make a less significant contribution to student outcomes. In assessing the value for money which schools deliver through their day-to-day activities, it is therefore necessary to take account of the progress pupils make in their time at school (or ‘value added’ by the school), rather than just their levels of attainment, which are influenced by a host of factors other than schooling. <br/

Improvement of indoor VLC network downlink scheduling and resource allocation

Indoor visible light communications (VLC) combines illumination and communication by utilizing the high-modulation-speed of LEDs. VLC is anticipated to be complementary to radio frequency communications and an important part of next generation heterogeneous networks. In order to make the maximum use of VLC technology in a networking environment, we need to expand existing research from studies of traditional point-to-point links to encompass scheduling and resource allocation related to multi-user scenarios. This work aims to maximize the downlink throughput of an indoor VLC network, while taking both user fairness and time latency into consideration. Inter-user interference is eliminated by appropriately allocating LEDs to users with the aid of graph theory. A three-term priority factor model is derived and is shown to improve the throughput performance of the network scheduling scheme over those previously reported. Simulations of VLC downlink scheduling have been performed under proportional fairness scheduling principles where our newly formulated priority factor model has been applied. The downlink throughput is improved by 19.6% compared to previous two-term priority models, while achieving similar fairness and latency performance. When the number of users grows larger, the three-term priority model indicates an improvement in Fairness performance compared to two-term priority model scheduling

Yuxtaponiendo algunos hallazgos contradictorios de investigaciones acerca de la elección escolar

Research over the last twenty years on school choice and local markets in education has been contradictory or inconclusive: some supports the movement to give parents more freedom in choosing schools; other findings support the view that greater choice further disadvantages the already disadvantaged. Irrespective of philosophical position, it can be said that school choice is driven by political economy in that its benefits and shortcomings are as a consequence of engagement with political or socio-economic imperatives. This paper juxtaposes some findings from the UK, the US and Europe in a socio-political context and discusses their theoretical implication

Rebuilding our Neighborhoods: Improving New York State Housing Policy to Better Meet Upstate Needs

New York faces a wide variety of housing challenges. While in the New York City region, where the population is growing, availability and affordability are the most pressing concerns, upstate regions have a different set of problems stemming from population loss, housing vacancy, abandonment, and deterioration. To address the full range of issues, state housing policy needs a variety of tools in its tool box. This policy brief discusses four ways that state housing policy can better address the needs of upstate regions such as Buffalo: Support holistic neighborhood revitalization, using Buffalo’s award-winning Green Development Zone as a model; Restore and enhance funding streams for small projects and housing repairs; Adjust New York’s Low Income Housing Tax Credit Qualified Allocation Plan to better address upstate needs; and Revise the DHCR Design Handbook to better facilitate rehabilitation projects

Voting power on school governing boards: the countenance of proportionality

Acknowledging the realities and responsibilities of power is a precondition to using it wisely. The claim that there has been a shift in power away from the formal providers of education towards the individual consumer is one that needs closer investigation. This paper uses the mathematics of cooperative multiperson game theory to analyse the relative strengths of the various representative groupings on three different models of school governing bodies. Only a basic knowledge of mathematics is assumed as the various coalitions are analysed and compared, and conclusions drawn about the relative power of major and minor factions. Voting strategies, suggested payoffs for winning coalitions and implications for committee-forming are fully examined. The paper is based on the author's direct experience of school amalgamations in the border region of Ireland. An extended consideration of the theory of voting in multiperson games can be found in his book Decision-Making and Game Theory (2002, Cambridge University Press)

Mary: Icon of Trinitarian love

This article argues that the presence of Mary to Christian faith can be helpfully considered as a saturated phenomenon (Jean-Luc Marion). Inseparable from the Christ-Event, the Marian phenomenon affects faiths perception of the self-revelation of God. It is theologically illumined by reflecting on the seven key terms that are essential to the Christian story: Father, Son, Holy Spirit, Cross, Resurrection, Church and Eternal Life

The exegete and the theologian: Is collaboration possible?

This article ponders the possibility of collaboration between the exegete and the theologian. In reflecting on a particular instance of collaboration focused on the Gospel of John, it suggests a judicious application of Lonergans four dimensions of meaning will be a useful tool in expressing the cognitive (objective reality), constitutive (identityforming), communicative (community forming), and effective (worldforming) bearing of the Biblical text. My specialisation, along with an interest in interdisciplinary studies, is what is unsatisfactorily termed systematic theology. Some years ago, I collaborated with the distinguished Johannine scholar, Francis J. Moloney, SDB, in producing the book, Experiencing of God in the Gospel of John.1 These methodological reflections owe much to the experience of collaboration

Selecting a Key Skills Delivery Mode: thinking about efficiency and effectiveness

This research-based paper attempts to describe a continuum of delivery choices available to school and college managers by which Key Skills can be introduced as part of Curriculum 2000. It describes the pressure to integrate, the illusion of contextualisation and the consequent pre-eminence of staff competence as a determining influence on the effectiveness of the delivery structure. It describes some problems associated with integration and the relative efficiency and effectiveness of discrete and integrated delivery. The paper goes on to define a continuous array of mixed modes of delivery, the levels of support required to underpin them, the external influences that impinge on the process of their selection and the effectiveness of monitoring and tracking systems

Easter and the empty tomb

While Easter faith is not in the empty tomb as such, the empty tomb has a pivotal role for Christian faith in the resurrection of Jesus. Either Christ has really risen or Christians are confronted with a dead and decaying corpse on which to base what would be a rather diluted resurrection faith. The empty tomb is not an idol of human projection but an indicator of God’s Spirit transforming human freedom and the cosmos itself into a totally new reality: the “new heaven and new earth.” Without an empty tomb, Christian eschatology degenerates into an ideology of wishful thinking and Easter becomes meaningless. The world is not a closed system or a vast graveyard with perhaps an inkling of some kind of afterlife; it is rather a garden in which the seeds of eternal life are already sprouting